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the term 'market', as used by economists, is an extension of the ancient idea of a market a place where people gather to buy and sell goods. in former days part of a town was kept as the market or market place. and people would travel many kilometers on special market days in order to buy and sell various commodities. today, however, markets such as the world sugar market, the gold market and the cotton market do not need to have any fixed geographical location. such a market is simply a set of conditions permitting buyers and sellers to work together.

Istilah 'pasar', seperti yang digunakan oleh para ekonom, merupakan perpanjangan dari gagasan kuno tentang pasar tempat orang berkumpul untuk membeli dan menjual barang. Di masa lalu sebagian kota dipelihara sebagai pasar atau pasar. Dan orang-orang akan menempuh perjalanan jauh beberapa kilometer pada hari pasar khusus untuk membeli dan menjual berbagai komoditas. Namun saat ini pasar seperti pasar gula dunia, Pasar emas dan pasar kapas tidak perlu memiliki lokasi geografis tetap. Pasar semacam itu hanyalah seperangkat kondisi yang memungkinkan pembeli dan penjual bekerja sama.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

PENGERTIAN DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and Indirect Speech, yang juga kita kenal dengan istilah lain yaitu Reported Speech. Direct Speect adalah kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara dan jika ditulis kalimat tersebut akan diberi tanda kutip. Sedangkan Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang kita laporkan kepada orang lain secara tidak langsung dan tanpa diberi koma.

RUMUS

	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
	» Simple Present Tenses	» Simple Past Tenses
+	S + V1(s,es) + o/c	S + V2 + o/c
-	S + Do/Does + V1 + o/c	S + Did + Not + V1 + o/c
?	Do/Does + S + V1 + o/c	Did + S + V1 + o/c

CONTOH KALIMAT :

Direct speech	Indirect speech
“I like eating out “.said Vina. (Saya suka makan diluar.)	Vina said that she liked eating out. (Vina mengatakan bahwa dia suka makan di luar.)
“Have you finished your homework?” he asked. ( sudahkah kamu menyelesaikan PR? )	He wanted to know whether I had finished my homework. (Dia ingin tau apakah saya sudah menyelesaikan PR.)
“Wake up now!” she shouted. (Bangun sekarang!)	She told me to wake up at that time. (Pada saat itu dia mengatakan pada saya untuk bangun.)

DESCRIBESOMETHING IN SPECIFIC (FAN)

The fan is used to generate wind. Common functions are for air conditioning, air freshener, ventilation (exhaust fan), dryer (generally using heat-generating components).

A. The main parts of the fan are:

1. Motor drive

Type of electric motors are generally used induction motor phase division is a capacitor motor. For small fan, shading pole shade pole motor is used.

2. The fan section

The fan in the form of a propeller is a rotating part and a shaft with a motor rotor. The fan section is protected by a fan house in the shape of a grille or a tralis.

3. House fan

4. Motor home

Motor homes are the holder places to place motors and other components and are made of ebonite material.

5. Stand or fan stand complete with speed regulator

This tool is to place the fan and drive rotor, equipped with the tool / speed button and the on / off motor.

B. Fan parts

1. Blade (blade) Blade is a rotating object that produces wind in the fan.

2. Front Guard Function as a protector of the blade so as not to touch when the blade rotates.

3. Rear Guard Function as a motor protector.

4. Motor Cover It is also a protective motor.

5. Motor Buffer As a buffer on the motor.

6. Swicth as motor controller.

7. Has This is in the motor, but this is what can rotate in the motor.

8. Motor Fan This is the most important thing in the motor. This makes the fan can be vibrant.

9. Gear Motor This is an item that can make the fan rotate left to right.

C. The superiority of the fan is compared to the air conditioner

A. Improve air circulation

B. Healthier

C. More efficient and environmentally friendly

CAUSATIVE HAVE/MAKE

Pengertian, contoh dan rumus causative have/make

 Causative have/make

A.    Causative have

adalah sebuah susunan kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris yang mempunyai arti menyuruh, meminta, bahkan memaksa orang lain melakukan sesuatu. Dalam bahasa Inggris causative have bisa nggunakan kata HAVE, MAKE, GET, dan LET.

Causative have dibedakan menjadi 2, aktif dan pasif.

1. Causative have dalam kalimat aktif.

Rumus causative have dalam kalimat aktif

Rumus: Subject + HAVE + Object 1 + Verb 1 + Object 2

I have my sister cook friend rice = Saya menyuruh adik saya memasak nasi goreng

Dalam kalimat diatas, causative have diterapakan pada kalimat aktif. Dalam artian saya (subject) meminta adik saya (object) untuk memasak nasi goreng.
Ingat setelah object, verb 1 (cook) harus dipakai.

2.  Causative have dalam kalimat pasive

Rumus causative have dalam kalimat pasif

Subject + HAVE + Object 2 + Verb 3

I have friend rice cooked = Saya minta nasi goreng dimasakan.

Dalam kalimat diatas, causative have digunakan pada kaliamt pasif. Ini berarti Object pertama tidak perlu disebutkan alias tidak diketahui siapa yang diminta melakukan kegiatan itu.
Ingat setelah object Verb 3 (cooked) harus digunakan.

B.   Causative Make

Kata causative “make” hanya dapat diaplikasikan pada kalimat active (active clause). Make memiliki makna yang lebih kuat daripada have atau get.

Rumus

Subject + Make + Object + V1

Contoh penerapan causative “make” dalam kalimat: 

a. The robber made the teller give hime the money.

(Perampok membuat petugas teller memberikan uangnya)

Catatan :

Kalimat tersebut sama dengan artinya “the robbers forced the teller to give him the money”

(Perampok memaksa petugas teller memberikan uangnya)

b. The manager made the employee attend the meeting.

(Manager meminta/memaksa karyawan menghadiri pertemuan itu)

c. The teacher always makes the children stay in their seats.

(Guru selalu memaksa/meminta anak anak tetap tinggal di tempat duduknya)

HOW TO MAKE PANCAKES AND T-SHIRT BAG

A.  How to make pancakes

Ingredients ( Bahan )

·         2 c. all-purpose flour ( 2 cup. Tepung serba guna )

·         2 1/2 tsp. baking powder ( 2 ½ sdt. Bubuk pengembang )

·         2 tbsp. sugar ( 2 sdm. Gula )

·         1/2 tsp. salt (1/2 sdt. Garam )

·         1 egg, lightly beaten ( 1 butir telur, kocok sebentar )

·         1 1/2 c. milk ( 1 ½ c. susu )

·         2 tbsp. butter ( 2 sdm mentega)

·         syrup (optional) [ sirup {operasional} ]

·         blueberries, apple, or banana (optional) [blueberry, apel, atau pisang { operasional }]

Directions

1.      Sift together first four ingredients (to prevent lumps).

2.      In a separate bowl, mix egg and milk, then add it flour mix, stirring until just smooth. Then stir in butter. (If you want to mix it up, throw in blueberries, a tiny dice of apple, or bits of banana.)

3.      Grease a griddle or nonstick pan with cooking spray or a little vegetable oil. Heat pan on medium for about ten minutes.

4.      Pour batter to form pancakes of whatever size you like. Cook first side until bubbles form on top, about three minutes; then flip and cook other side until it, too, is brown, about two minutes.

5.      Serve immediately with butter and syrup or hold briefly in warm oven.

Cara membuat :

1.      Ayak bersama empat bahan pertama (untuk mencegah benjolan).

2.      Dalam mangkuk terpisah, campur telur dan susu, kemudian tambahkan tepung campuran, aduk

sampai menjadi halus. Kemudian aduk dalam mentega. (Jika Anda ingin mencampurnya,

tambahkan dengan  blueberry, potongan kecil apel, atau pisang.)

3.      Olesi wajan antilengket atau wajan dengan cooking spray atau sedikit minyak sayur. Panas

panci di media selama sekitar sepuluh menit.

4.      Tuang adonan untuk membentuk pancake ukuran apapun yang Anda suka. Masak sisi pertama

sampai gelembung terbentuk di atas, sekitar tiga menit; kemudian flip dan masak sisi lain sampai

juga, berwarna coklat, sekitar dua menit.

5.      Sajikan segera dengan mentega dan sirup atau menahan sebentar dalam oven hangat.

B.  How to making a T-shirt bag

1.    Choose a t-shirt you won't mind cutting up, and turn it inside out. To make your bag more interesting, consider using a shirt with an interesting print or graphic on the front. If the shirt is white, consider tie dyeing it first. This will make your bag more colorful and fun.

2.    Cut the sleeves off. To make the cut more even, fold the shirt in half first. This way, you will be cutting both sleeves off at the same time. To make longer handles, consider cutting a little bit below the sleeves.

3.    Cut the neckline off. Try to leave 2 to 3 inches (5.08 to 7.62 centimeters) of space between the neckline and the sleeves. This will make your handles more durable.

Ø  To make your neckline more even, trace the curve using a marker and a bowl or plate first. it with a bowl or plate.

4.  Decide on the length of your bag, then draw a horizontal line across the shirt. Use a ruler or

some other straight edge to make the line as even as possible. Remember that your shirt will stretch a

little when you put things into your bag.

5.   Draw a series of vertical lines, ¾ to 1 inch (1.91 to 2.54 centimeters) across the bottom of the

shirt. The lines need to go from the hem of the shirt, all the way up to the horizontal line you drew.

These vertical lines will be your cutting lines to make a fringe. You will be knotting the fringe

together to make the bottom of the bag.

6.      Cut the vertical lines to make the fringe. Be sure to cut through both layers of the shirt at the same time, so that your fringe is even. Do not cut past the horizontal line, however.

Be sure to cut the side seams going from the hem of your shirt up to the line you drew. This will create the first and last fringes.

7.      Turn the shirt right side out, then tie the top fringes to the corresponding bottom fringes. Tie the first top fringe to the first bottom fringe. Tie the second top fringe to the second bottom fringe. Keep doing this until you have knots all along the bottom of the bag.

The knots and fringe will be part of your bag's final design. If you don't want the knots and fringe to be visible, then don't turn your shirt right side out. This will keep the knots and fringe on the inside.

8.   Tie the adjacent fringes together to hide the gaps. Your bag will likely have tiny gaps between the knots. You will need to hide them, or your bag won't be able to hold small items. To do this, you will need to tie the first and second fringes together, the third and forth fringes together, and so forth, on both sides (front and back) of the bag.

If you are keeping the fringes on the inside of your bag, consider trimming them down, so that they don't get tangled.

9. Consider cutting the shoulders of the shirt and then sewing them together to make front any back handles. Turn your bag inside out. Cut the shoulders apart. Sew the front left shoulder to the front right shoulder. Sew the back left shoulder to the back right shoulder. Use ½ inch (1.27 centimeters) seam allowances. When you are done, turn the bag right side out.

ACTIVE - PASSIVE simple future

Pengertian Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi terjadi dimasa depan, secara spontan atau terencana. Tense ini juga dapat digunakan untuk membentuk conditional sentence tipe 1. Tense ini memiliki dua pola kalimat, yaitu kalimat verbal dan kalimat nominal.

Rumus Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense dibentuk dari modal “will” atau “shall” dan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb) atau dibentuk dari phrasal modal “be going to” dan bare infinitive (base form verb).

Jenis kalimat           Rumus                                              Contoh simple future tense

Positif (+)             S + will + bare infinitive                         You will win

                             S + be (am/is/are) going to +                   They are going to come

                             bare infinitive

Negatif  (-)          S + will + not + bare infinitive                 You won’t win

                            S + be (am/is/are) + not + going to +        They aren’t going to come

                            bare infinitive

interogatif (?)     Will + S + bare infinitive                           Will you win   

                           Be (am/is/are) + S + going to +                  Are they going to come

                           bare infinitive?

Simple Future Tense dan Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense (selain verb “go”) dapat juga digunakan untuk menyatakan aksi di masa depan seperti simple future tense:

I’m presenting the weekly report at today’s meeting.

Selain itu, kombinasi will dan be + present participle juga dapat digunakan untuk menghindari nada tidak sabar (impatient) atau mendesak (insistent). Kalimat akan terdengar demikian jika hanya ada “will” (tanpa be+present participle) karena stress (penekanan) hanya terjadi pada kata tersebut.

When will you present it?

When will you be presenting it?

Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Future Tense

Fungsi                                                                        Contoh kalimat

Simple future tense (will)                                   Wait a minute. I will change my clothes.

untuk membuat keputusan

secara spontan untuk                                           You look nervous. I’ll give you a glass of water.

melakukan sesuatu (tanpa rencana).

Simple future tense (will)                                   The doom will not happen in 2014.

untuk memerediksi masa depan                          

(tanpa rencana).                                                   Which hotels do you think will offer the best service?

Present continuous tense digunakan                    I’m visiting South Korea tomorrow.

untuk menyatakan arrangement

(rencana yang sudah dipikirkan dan                    She’s going to the physiotherapist next monday.

dibahas dengan orang lain). 

Simple future tense dengan                                I’m going to send this letter tomorrow.

“going+to” untuk

menyatakan intention (rencana                          He is going to go to French to continue his study.

dimasa depan yang sudah

dipikirkan sebelumnya).

Simple future tense digunakan                           I will come if they invite me.

untuk membentuk conditional

sentence type 1

1. Kalimat verbal

Rumus kalimat verbal (kalimat dengan kata kerja) adalah:

(+) Subjek + Will/Shall/to be going to + Verb-1

(-) Subjek + Will/Shall/to be going to + not + Verb-1

(?) Will/Shall/to be going to + Subjek + Verb-1 + ?

Contoh kalimat:

(+) I will come to your party tomorrow. [Saya akan datang ke pestamu besok.]

( - ) I will not come to your party tomorrow. [Saya tidak akan datang ke pestamu besok.]

(?)  Will I come to your party tomorrow? [Apakah saya akan datang ke pestamu besok?]

Contoh kalimat yang menggunakan to be going to:

(+) You are going to play football next week. [Kamu akan bermain sepak bola minggu depan.]

( - ) You are not going to play football next week. [Kamu tidak akan bermain sepak bola minggu depan.]

(?) Are you going to play football next week? [Apakah kamu akan bermain sepak bola minggu depan?]

2. Kalimat Nominal

Kalimat nominal (tanpa kata kerja) simple future tense memiliki rumus sebagai berikut:

(+) Subjek + Will/Shall/to be going to + be + Complement

(-) Subjek + Will/Shall/to be going to + not + be + Complement

(?) Will/Shall/to be going to + Subjek + be + Complement + ?

Complement bisa berupa kata sifat (adjective), kata benda (noun) atau kata keterangan (adverb).

Contoh kalimat:

(+) He will be in Tokyo. [Dia akan berada di Tokyo.]

(-) He will not be in Tokyo. [Dia tidak akan berada di Tokyo.]

(?) Will he be in Tokyo? [Apakah dia akan berada di Tokyo?]

Contoh kalimat nominal yang menggunakan to be going to:

(+) He is going to be a prosecutor. [Dia akan menjadi seorang jaksa.]

( - ) He is not going to be a prosecutor. [Dia tidak akan menjadi seorang jaksa.]

(?) Is he going to be a prosecutor? [Apakah dia akan menjadi seorang jaksa?]

1.  (+) We shall go together. (Kami akan pergi bersama-sama)

     (-)  We shan't go together. (Kami tidak akan pergi bersama-sama)

     (?)  Shall we go together? (Apakah kami akan pergi bersama-sama?)
          Jawaban : Yes, we shall (Ya) atau No, we shan't (Tidak)

2. (+) They will come to the party tonight. (Mereka akan datang ke pesta nanti malam.)
    (-) They won't come to the party tonight. (Mereka tidak akan datang ke pesta nanti malam.)
    (?) Will they come to the party tonight? (Apakah mereka akan datang ke pesta nanti malam?)
          Jawaban : Yes, they will (Ya) atau No, they won't(Tidak)

3. (+) He will buy a new bag tomorrow. (Dia akan membeli sebuah tas besok.)
    (-) He won't buy a new bag tomorrow. (Dia tidak akan membeli sebuah tas besok.)
    (?) Will he buy a new bag tomorrow? (Apakah dia akan membeli sebuah tas besok?)
         Jawaban : Yes, he will (Ya) atau No, he won't (Tidak)

4. (+) Diana will see a film tomorrow night. (Diana akan menonton film besok malam.)
    (-) Diana won't see a film tomorrow night. (Diana tidak akan menonton film besok malam.)
    (?) Will Diana see a film tomorrow night. (Apakah Diana akan menonton film besok malam?)
         Jawaban : Yes, she will (Ya) atau No, she won't (Tidak)
5. (+) We shall study at the same class next month. (Kami akan belajar di kelas yang sama bulan depan.)
    (-)  We shan't study at the same class next month. (Kami tidak akan belajar di kelas yang sama bulan depan.)
    (?) Shall we study at the same class next month? (Apakah kami akan belajar di kelas yang sama bulan depan?)
         Jawaban : Yes, we shall (Ya) atau No, we shan't (Tidak)

will + not = won't shall + not = shan't

Contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif simple future tense dan artinya dalam bentuk positif dan negatif :

Aktif > I shall visit my father tomorrow morning (saya akan mengunjungi ayah saya besok pagi)

Pasif > (+) My father will be visited by me tomorrow morning (Ayah saya akan dikunjungi oleh saya besok pagi)

Pasif > (-) My father will not be visited by me tomorrow morning (Ayah saya tidak akan dikunjungi oleh saya besok pagi)

 

Aktif > We shall take this book next week (Kami akan mengambil buku ini minggu depan)

Pasif > (+) This book will be taken by us next week (Buku ini akan diambil oleh kami minggu depan)

Pasif > (-) This book will not be taken by us next week (Buku ini tidak akan diambil oleh kami minggu depan)

Aktif > Maira will bring the pen to her sister tomorrow (Maira akan membawa pulpen untuk adiknya besok)

Pasif > (+) The pen will be brought by Maira to her sister tomorrow ( Pulpen akan dibawa oleh Maira untuk adiknya besok)

Pasif > (-) The pen will not be brought by Maira to her sister tomorrow ( Pulpen tidak akan dibawa oleh Maira untuk adiknya besok)